UNIT THREE
PART
1
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
SECTION 1 UNITED NATIONS
SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
1. Read and
translate the text into Ukrainian.
Constitutions of United Nations
Specialized Agencies
The distinctive character of intergovernmental
organizations is found in the convention which constituted them, which is
commonly called the "constitution" (acte constitutif). This
basic document, drawn up in the course of an international conference by
official delegates specially appointed by the founding states, and signed in
accordance with the special rules practised in such matters, is submitted to
the governments which ratify it according to their internal rules. The
constitution contains all fundamental rules for the working of the organization
and of its permanent administration.
When the United Nations was
founded, some of the largest international unions acquired the status of
specialized agencies, which operate in that capacity today.
The concept of a
"specialized agency" is most fully defined in Article 57 of the
United Nations Charter, which states:
1. The various specialized
agencies established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide
international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in
economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be
brought into relationship with the United Nations in accordance with the
provision of Article 63.
2. Such agencies thus brought
into relationship with the United Nations are hereinafter referred to as
"specialized agencies".
It may thus be seen that
specialized agencies possess four basic legal attributes: 1) the
intergovernmental character of their constituent instruments, 2) wide
international responsibilites within their competence; 3) activities in
specialized areas provided for by the Constitution (in economic, social,
cultural and other fields); 4) a relationship with the United Nations.
This last attribute distinguishes
these agencies from other international associations of this type and places
them into a separate group of international organizations.
At present there are 16
specialized agencies of the United Nations, each with its own Constitution:
ILO (International Labour Organization) Formulates policies
and programmes to improve working conditions and employment opportunities, and
sets labour standards used by countries around the world.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization Of The UN) Works to improve
agricultural productivity and food security, and to better the living standards
of rural populations.
UNESCO (UN
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Promotes education for all, cultural development,
protection of the world’s natural and cultural heritage, international
cooperation in science, press freedom and communication.
WHO (World
Health Organization)
Coordinates programmes
aimed at solving health problems and the attainment by all people of the
highest possible level of health. It works in areas such as immunization,
health education and the provision of essential drugs.
World
Bank Group Provides
loans and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce poverty and
advance sustainable economic growth.
IMF (International Monetary Fund) Facilitates international monetary cooperation and
financial stability and provides a permanent forum for consultation, advice and
assistance on financial issues.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Sets international standards necessary for the safety,
security and efficiency of air transport and serves as the coordinator for
international cooperation in all areas of civil aviation.
UPU (Universal Postal
ITU (International Telecommunication
WMO (World Meteorological Organization Promotes scientific research on the Earth’s atmosphere
and on climate change and facilitates the global exchange of meteorological
data.
IMO (International Maritime Organization) Works to improve international shipping procedures,
raise standards in marine safety and reduce marine pollution by ships.
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) Promotes international protection of intellectual
property and fosters cooperation on copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs
and patents.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) Mobilizes financial resources to raise food production
and nutrition levels among the poor in developing countries.
UNID (UN Industrial Development Organization) Promotes the industrial advancement of developing countries
through technical assistance, advisory services and training.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) An autonomous intergovernmental organization under the
aegis of the UN, works for the safe and peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Reference is often made today to international
organizations of the United Nations system. This includes the United Nations
itself, its specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), and subsidiary organs of the United Nations structured as international
organizations, namely, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The organizational structure of specialized agencies
is determined by their constituent instruments. The Constitutions of United
Nations specialized agencies as well as their activities are in strict
compliance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international
law, especially those of jus cogens.
The United Nations specialized agencies engage in the
following types of activity: 1) drafting international conventions and
regulations on special issues with a view to establishing uniform norms and
rules for regulating relations among states in such specialized areas as communications,
health, culture, meteorology, etc.; 2) coordinating the activities of
individual states in these areas;
3) providing technical assistance to newly independent developing
states; 4) exchange of information, etc.
A Answer the
questions:
1. What kind of document is a constitution? 2. What
rules does a constitution usually contain? 3. When did the largest
international unions acquire the status of UN specialized agencies? 4. What is
defined in Article 57 of the United Nations Charter? 5. What are UN's special
agencies? 6. What legal attributes do the UN specialized agencies possess? 7.
How are they distinguished from other international associations of this type?
8. What types of activity do the UN specialized agencies engage in?
B Study the use
of italicized words in different phrases, suggest their Russian equivalents:
CERTIFICATE
author's ~; marriage ~; ~ of birth; ~ of character; ~ of death; ~ of
health; ~ of origin; ~ of registry; ~ of quality; ~ of weight.
TO CERTIFY
a ~ ied copy; a document ~ ing one's capacity; I ~ this a true copy;
this is to ~ that... .
2. Precis the
following text:
Constitution of
the World Health Organization
The States parties to this Constitution declare, in
conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, that the following
principles are basic to the happiness, harmonious relations and security of all
peoples:
The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without
distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition
[...].
The achievement of any State in
the promotion and protection of health is of value to all [...].
Accepting these principles, and for
the purpose of cooperation among themselves and with others to promote and
protect the health of all peoples, the contracting parties agree to the present
Constitution and hereby establish the World Health Organization as a
specialized agency within the terms of Article 57 of the Charter of the United
Nations.
Artiс1e 1. Objective
The objective of the World Health
Organization (hereinafter called the Organization) shall be the attainment by
all peoples of the highest possible level of health.
Article 9. Organs
The work of the Organization shall
be carried out by:
(a) The World Health Assembly (herein called the
Health Assembly);
(b) The Executive Board (hereinafter called the
Board);
(c) The Secretariat
Article 10.
The World Health Assembly
The Health Assembly shall be
composed of delegates representing Members.
Article 24.
The Executive Board
The Board shall consist of twenty
four persons designated by as many Members.
Article 30.
The Secretariat
The Secretariat shall comprise the
Director-General and such technical and administrative staff as the Organization
may require
Article 59.
Voting
Each Member shall have one vote in the Health Assembly.
Article 78.
Entry into Force
Subject to the provisions of
Chapter III, this Constitution shall remain open to all States for signature or
acceptance.
Article 79
(a) States may become parties to
this Constitution by:
(i) signature without reservation
as to approval;
(ii) signature subject to approval
followed by acceptance; or
(iii) acceptance.
(b) Acceptance shall be effected
by the deposit of a formal instrument with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
Article 80
This Constitution shall come into
force when twenty-six Members of the United Nations have become parties to it
in accordance with the provisions of Article 79.
IN FAITH WHEREOF the undersigned
representatives, having been duly authorized for that purpose, sign this
Constitution.
DONE in the City of New York this
twenty second day of July 1946, in a single copy in the Chinese, English,
French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic. The
original texts shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations. The
Secretary General of the United Nations will send certified copies to each of
the Governments represented at the Conference.
3. Translate
into English paying attention to the words and phrases in bold type.
1. Делегати підкреслили необхідність
використання можливостей суміжних дисциплін. 2. Необхідно забезпечити їм
засоби для проведення відповідних наукових досліджень. 3. Ряд ораторів
підкреслили необхідність ув’язування поширення грамотності з потребами
розвитку. 4. Він звернув увагу комісії на основні програми у галузі освіти. 5.
Ця програма присвячена проблемам підготовки кадрів з урахуванням потреб
самоудосконалення. 6. Міжнародні неурядові організації підтримують відношення
з ЮНЕСКО. 7. Особлива увага була приділена проблемі посилення взаємодії
освіти та зайнятості.
4. Translate into Ukrainian taking
note of the words and phrases in bold type.
1. The basic Instrument of
an international organization or institution is generally known as the
"Constitution" or "Statute". For example, the
constituent instruments of the various specialized agencies of the
United Nations that have been established by intergovernmental agreements are
called their constitutions. 2. The basic instruments of the International Court
of Justice and the Council of Europe are called statutes. These documents,
whether called constitutions or statutes, are also treaties in the true sense
as they denote agreements of a binding nature between the states
concerned. 3. The term "statute" is also used to denote an
accessory instrument to a convention setting out certain regulations to be
applied. 4. Unesco was established on 4 November 1946, when 20 signatories to
its Constitution had deposited their instruments of acceptance with the
Government of the United Kingdom. 5. The International Finance Corporation
(IFC) became a specialized agency in relationship with the United
Nations in 1957 While closely associated with the World Bank, it is a
separate legal entity, and its funds are distinct from those of the Bank.
6. Although a draft charter was completed in 1948, it was laid aside
when it became clear that the necessary ratifications would not be
forthcoming. 7. The goal of equality is proclaimed in the UN Charter and
in a number of legally binding International Instruments.
5. Translate into English making
use of the suggested words and phrases.
Офіційна кореспонденція
та інші офіційні повідомлення (communi-cations) спеціалізованих установ не
підлягають цензурі (censorship). Спеціалізовані установи мають право
користуватися шифром (to use codes) і отримувати і відсилати (to dispatch)
кореспонденцію через кур’єрів (by courier) або валізи (in sealed begs), до яких
застосовуються (which shall have) ті ж імунітети та привілеї, що і до
дипломатичних кур’єрів та валіз. Для свого офіційного зв’язку кожна
спеціалізована установа користується (to enjoy) на території кожної приєднаної
до Конвенції держави (party to this Convention) не менш сприятливих умов, ніж
ті, які уряд цієї держави надає (treatment not less favourable than that
accorded by ... to) будь-якому іншому уряду, включаючи дипломатичні
представництва (diplomatic mission) останнього.