SECTION 2 UNESCO
1. Give
an oral summary of the information on United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) using the following plan:
1) UNESCO's main
objective;
2)Five principal
functions performed by UNESCO.
UNESCO, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza-tion.
Its constitution was adopted by
the London Conference in November 1945, and entered into effect on
It currently has 188 Member States
(as of
The main objective of UNESCO is to
contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among
nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to
further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human
rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the
world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter
of the United Nations.
To fulfill its mandate, UNESCO
performs five principal functions:
·Prospective Studies: what forms
of education, science, culture and communication for tomorrow's world?
·The advancement, transfer and
sharing of knowledge: relying primarily on research, training and teaching
activities.
·Standard-setting action: the
preparation and adoption of international instruments and statutory
recommendations.
·Expertise: provided to Member
States for their development policies and projects in the form of
"technical co-operation".
·Exchange of specialized
information.
2. Translate into Ukrainian:
Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
1. The purpose of the Organization is to contribute to
peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nation” through
education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for
justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms
which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race,
sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.
2. To realize this purpose the Organization will:
(a) Collaborate In the work of advancing the mutual
knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication
and to that end recommend such international agreements as may be necessary to
promote the free flow of ideas by word and image;
(b) Give fresh impulse to popular education and to the
spread of culture, [...] By collaborating with Members, at their request, in
the development of educational activities; [...] By suggesting educational
methods best suited to prepare the children of the world for the
responsibilities of freedom; (c) Maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge; By assuring
the conservation and protection of the world's inheritance of books, works of
art and monuments of history and science; [..] By encouraging cooperation among
the nations in all branches of intellectual activity, including the
international exchange of persons active in the fields of education, science
and culture [. ].
Recommendation
on the legal protection of translators and translations and the practical means
to improve the status of translators
The General Conference of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, meeting in
Considering that translation promotes understanding
between peoples and co-operation among nations by facilitating the
dissemination of literary and scientific works, including technical works,
across linguistic frontiers and the interchange of ideas,
Noting the extremely important role played by
translators and translations in international exchanges in culture, art and
science, particularly in the case of works written or translated in less widely
spoken languages,
Recognizing that the protection of translators is
indispensable in order to ensure translations of the quality needed for them to
fulfil effectively their role in the service of culture and development,
Recalling that, if the principles of this protection
are already contained in the Universal Copyright Convention, while the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and a number of
national laws of Member States also contain specific provisions concerning such
protection, the practical application of these principles and provisions is not
always adequate,
Being of the opinion that if, in many countries with
respect to copyright, translators and translations enjoy a protection which.
resembles the protection granted to authors and to literary and scientific
works, including technical works, the adoption of measures of an essentially
practical nature, assimilating translators to authors and specific to the
translating profession, is nevertheless justified to ameliorate the effective
application of existing laws,
Having decided, at its eighteenth session, that the protection
of translators should be the subject of a recommendation to Member States
within the meaning of Article IV, paragraph 4, of the Constitution,
Adopts this twenty-second day of November 1976, the
present Recommen-dation.
The General Conference recommends that Member States
apply the following provisions concerning the protection of translators and
translations by taking whatever legislative or other steps may be required, in
conformity with the constitutional provisions and institutional practice of
each State, to give effect, within their respective territories, to the
principles and standards set forth in this Recommendation.
The General Conference recommends that Member States
bring this Recommendation to the attention of the authorities, departments or
bodies responsible for matters relating to the moral and material interests of
translators and to the protection of translations, of the various organizations
or associations representing or promoting the interests of translators, and of
publishers, managers of theatres, broadcasters and other users and interested
parties.
The General Conference recommends that Member States
submit to the Organization, at such times and in such form as shall be
determined by the General Conference, reports on the action taken by them to
give effect to this Recommendation.
1. For purposes of this Recommendation:
(a) the term "translation"
denotes the transposition of a literary or scientific work, including technical
work, from one language into another language, whether or not the initial work,
or the translation, is intended for publication in book, magazine, periodical,
or other form, or for performance in the theatre, in a film, on radio or
television, or in any other media;
(b) the term "translators"
denotes translators of literary or scientific works, including technical works;
(c) the term "users" denotes the
persons or legal entities for which a translation is made.
2. This Recommendation applies to all
translators regardless of:
(a) the legal status applicable to them as:
(i) independent translators; or
(ii) salaried translators;
(b) the discipline to which the work
translated belongs;
(c) the full-time or part-time nature of
their position as translators.
3. Member States should accord to
translators, in respect of their translations, the protection accorded to
authors under the provisions of the international copyright conventions to which
they are party and/or under their national laws, but without prejudice to the
rights of the authors of the original works translated.
III. Measures to Ensure the Application in
Practice of Protection Afforded Translators Under International Conventions and
in National Laws Relating to Copyright
4. It is desirable that a written agreement be
concluded between a translator and the user.
5. As a general rule, a contract governing relations
between a translator and a user, as well as where appropriate any other legal
instrument governing such relations, should:
(a) accord an equitable remuneration to the translator
whatever his or her legal status;
(b) at least when the translator is not working as a
salaried translator, remunerate him or her in proportion to the proceeds of the
sale or use of the translation with payment of an advance, the said advance
being retained by the translator whatever the proceeds may be; or by the
payment of a sum calculated in conformity with another system of remuneration
independent of sales where it is provided for or permitted by national
legislation; or by the payment of an equitable lump sum which could be made
where payment on a proportional basis proves insufficient or inapplicable; the
appropriate method of payment should be chosen taking into account the legal
system of the country concerned and where applicable the type of original work
translated;
c) make provision, when appropriate, for a
supplementary payment should the use made of the translation go beyond the
limitations specified in the contract;
(d) specify that the authorizations granted by the
translator a1~e limited to the rights expressly mentioned, this provision
applying to possible new editions;
(e) stipulate that in the event that the translator
bas not obtained any necessary authorization, it is the user who is responsible
for obtaining such authorization;
(f) stipulate that the translator guarantees the user
uncontested enjoyment of all the rights granted and undertakes to refrain from
any action likely to compromise the legitimate interests of the user and, when
appropriate, to observe the rule of professional secrecy;
(g) stipulate that, subject to the prerogatives of the
author of the original work translated, no change shall be made in the text of
a translation intended for publication without seeking the prior agreement of
the translator;
(h) assure the translator and his translation similar
publicity, proportionately to that which authors are generally given, in
particular, the name of the author of the translation should appear in a
prominent place on all published copies of the translation, on theatre bills,
in announcements made in connexion with radio or television broadcasts, in the
credit titles of films and in any other promotional material;
(i) provide that the user ensure that the translation
bear, such notices as are necessary to comply with copyright formalities in
those countries where it might reasonably be expected to be used;
(j) provide for
the resolution of any conflicts which may arise, particularly with respect to
the quality of the translation, so far as possible, by means of arbitration or
in accordance with procedures laid down by national legislation or by any other
appropriate means of dispute settlement which on the one hand is such as to
guarantee impartiality and on the other hand is easily accessible and
inexpensive;
(k) mention the languages from and into which the
translator will translate and without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph
1 (a), further specify expressly the translator's possible use as an
interpreter.
6. In order to facilitate the implementation of the
measures recommended in paragraphs 4, 5 and 14, Member States should, without
prejudice to the translator's freedom to enter into an individual contract,
encourage the parties concerned, in particular the professional organizations
of translators and other organizations or associations representing them, on
the one hand, and the representatives of users, on the other, to adopt model
contracts or to conclude collective agreements based on the measures suggested
in this Recommendation and making due allowance for all situations likely to
arise by reason either of the translator or of the nature of the translation.
7. Member States should also promote measures to
ensure effective representation of translators and to encourage the creation
and development of professional organizations of translators and other
organizations or associations representing them, to define the rules and duties
which should govern the exercise of the profession, to defend the moral and
material interests of translators and to facilitate linguistic, cultural,
scientific and technical exchanges among translators and between translators
and the authors of works to be translated. To this end, such organizations or
associations might undertake, where national law permits, in particular, the
following specific activities:
(a) promote the adoption of standards governing the
translating profession; such standards should stipulate in particular that the
translator has a duty to provide a translation of high quality from both the
linguistic and stylistic points of view and to guarantee that the translation
will be a faithful rendering of the original;
(b) study the bases for remuneration acceptable to
translators and users;
(c) set up procedures to assist in the settlement of
disputes arising in connexion with the quality of translations;
(d) advise translators in their negotiations with
users and co-operate with other interested parties in establishing model
contracts relating to translation;
(e) endeavour to arrange for translators individually
or collectively, and in accordance with national laws or any collective
agreements which may be applicable on this subject, to benefit with authors
from funds received from either private or public sources;
(f) provide for exchanges of information on matters of
interest to translators by the publication of information bulletins, the
organization of meetings or by other appropriate means;
(g) promote the assimilation of translators, from the
point of view of social benefits and taxation, to authors of literary or
scientific works, including technical works;
(h) promote the establishment and development of
specialized programmes for the training of translators;
(i) co-operate with other
national, regional or international bodies working to promote the interests of
translators, and with any national or regional copyright information centres
set up to assist in the clearance of rights in works protected by copyright, as
well as with the UNESCO International Copyright Information Centre;
(j) maintain close contacts with
users, as well as with their representatives or professional organizations or associations,
in order to defend the interests of translators; and negotiate collective
agreements with such representatives or organizations or associations where
deemed advantageous;
(k) contribute generally to the
development of the translating profession.
8. Without prejudice to paragraph 7, membership of
professional organizations or associations which represent translators should
not, however, be a necessary condition for protection, since the provisions of
this Recommendation should apply to all translators, whether or not they are
members of such organizations or associations.
9. Translators working as independent writers, whether or
not they are paid by royalties, should benefit in practice from any social
insurance schemes relating to retirement, illness, family allowances, etc., and
from any taxation arrangements, generally applicable to the authors of literary
or scientific works, including technical works.
10. Salaried translators should be
treated on the same basis as other salaried professional staff and benefit
accordingly from the social schemes provided for them. In this respect,
professional statutes, collective agreements and contracts of employment based
thereon should mention expressly the class of translators of scientific and
technical texts, so that their status as translators may be recognized,
particularly with respect to their professional classification.
4. Learn the
following acronyms and abbreviations. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
International Educational Organizations
IAE - International Assosiation for the Evaluation of
Educational Achievements;
IAU -
International Association of Universities;
IBE -
International Bureau of Education;
IBO -
International Baccalaureate Office;
ICAE - International Council for Adult Education;
ICET
- International Council on Education for Teaching;
ICUAT - International Congress of University Adult
Education;
IFPE - International Federation for Parent Education;
IFWEA - International Federation of Workers' Educational Assosiations;
ISCED - International Standard Classification of Education;
WED - World Education Fellowship;
WFEA - World Federation
of Educational Assosiations.
Students' International Organizations
IAES - International Association for the Exchange of Students;
ISIA - International
Student Identity Card;
ISMON - International Student Movement for the United Nations;
ISS - International
Students Society;
WSCF - World Student Christian Federation.
ATESL - Association of Teachers of English as a Second Language;
CFAT
- Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching;
ETA
- English Teachers Association;
IAUPL - International Association of
University Professors and Lectures;
IFTA - International Federation of Teachers' Assosiations;
IFFTU - International Federation of Free Teachers'
ITA -
Independent Teachers Assosiation;
WCOTP - World Confederation of Organizations of the Teachers Profession;
WCT
- World Confederation of Teachers.
Translators' International Organizations
GPT
- Guild of Professional Translators;
IFT -
International Federation of Translators;
III -
International Institute Of Interpreters.