Министерство образования и науки
Российской Федерации
Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Инженерно-экономический
Университет
Факультет туризма и гостиничного хозяйства
Кафедра профессионального иностранного языка и межкультурных коммуникаций в туризме
Курсовая работа
Тема: Храмы Санкт-Петербурга
Выполнил: студент Кошелев Глеб Александрович
Курс - 2, группа 5131
Руководитель: Cт.пр. Ляпакина Е.В.

Санкт-Петербург
2004 г
Content
1. Introduction 2
2. Buddhist Temple 3
3. The Mosque 7
4. Armenian Church 9
5. Lutheran Church 11
6. Roman-Catholic Church 13
7. Znamensky Orthodox Church 15
8. Greek Church 16
9. The Church of Theophany on Gutuevsky Island 17
10. Conclusion 19
11. Glossary 20
12. Bibliography 21
Introduction.
Saint-Petersburg is a World famous city. It is famous for its history - “City of three revolutions”, for white nights, drawbridges, for its architecture. Temples of Saint-Petersburg play a great role both in history and architecture. One of the first buildings in the city was Peter and Paul Cathedral. Most of Romanovs were buried here. After this, Saint-Petersburg became the centre of Temple building.
The Saint-Petersburg temples represent the city as a multicultural one and as the sample of tolerance. People of great number of nationalities and religions lived here since its foundation.
The city changed greatly in the XX century. Because of revolution and following Soviet rule, and also Grand Patriotic War, about thrty churches have been destroyed, many were reconstructed. The main purpose of my work is to restore the image of Saint-Petersburg of the beginning of the XX century. The second main purpose is to represent the way of life in the city, the attitude to churches, to religion. The events that lead to the ideas of building a church or a temple seem interesting as well. And the last, but not the least, - to get acquainted with pieces of architectural art, to show the traditions of temple building in Saint-Petersburg. Different architectural styles are represented in this work.
The temples below are not the most famous ones in Saint-Petersburg. But they have very reach history and they are in the shade of World famous St. Isaac’s Cathedral, Church of Resurection, Peter and Paul Cathedral. The temples below are worth one’s attention.
The Buddist Temple
There is a tall building on 91, Primorsky prospect. It attracts attention to its proportions and symbolism. It impresses with its unusual forms, walls like fortress ones, misterious symbols on the Eastern facade. The grey monolith of its Nothern wall towers the three-storeyed rectangular building. The Southern facade is decorated with a four-pillared portico. Granite facing, glazed bricks and guilded components af decoration forms the unique image of the building. It combines the elegant beauty of European modern style and severe beauty of Tibet architecture. This is the Buddist Temple.
The history of constructing the Temple in Saint-Petersburg is very complicated.
On March, 16 in 1909 Agvan Dorghiev bought a ground area in “Old Village” in order to erect there the Temple. But many organizations like “The Union of Russian People”, bureaucrats were against of it. That goes without saying, The Russian Orthodox Church was against too. But Dorghiev showed all his diplomatic skills, and on the 30st of September, 1909 Nicolas II allowed the building of First Buddist Temple in Saint-Petersburg. At the end of April the building started.
The works were produced under control of a special building comitee, consisting of the academicians V.V. Radlov, S.F. Oldenburg, prince A.A. Ukhtomsky, researches of the Far East V.L. Kotvich, A.D. Rudnev, F.I. Scherbatsky, painters N.K. Rerikh, V.P. Shnayder.
The author of the very first project was an engeneer N.M. Berezovsky. Then G.V. Baranovsky continued Berezovsky’s work . Agvan Dorghiev participated in this, as well.
The building works started under supervision of Baranovsky and they were procuced very fast. In spite of it , they turned out to be organized unsucsessfully, because the organizers had poor experience of such kind of work. Because of financial problems, Dorzhiev was to employ very poor bricklayers from Kostroma. They did not even know, what they were doing. Construction materials were stolen frequently. Besides, some bills from purveyor organizations were not paid in time. It all led to conflict between the architect Baranovsky and Building Comitee. As a result, Baranovsky left this project, and N.K. Rerikh, who projected a wooden Buddist Temple in Irkutsk uyezd, was invited.
The only Temple in Russia that is equal to the samples of Tibet canon is Saint-Petersburg Temple. The building of the temple is intended for daily services, and at the same time, it is a place where lamas gather together and hold the lessons.
The main entrance opens on the South. In the Southern part of dugan there is the principle room for clergy (Large Hall for Te Deum), that is illuminated through overhead floor (“Sun flashlighter”). The Nothern part of Dugan - Gonkan is considered to be the most sacred - here is the altar with sculpture of Big Buddha. The throne of the principal lama is located opposite the altar. The seats for common lamas are installed between the columns, along the Temple. All the elements of the Buddist symbolysm were made in Tibet and fifted to Petrograd Temple in 1915.
One can see elements of European architecture, used here. The Eastern portotypes were essentially reorientated in the European modern style. It is the lay-out of the hall and stairwell. Central heating was installed in the Southern part of the Temple because of the peculiarities of Nothern climate. Nothern modern style was the reason to choose different sorts of coarsely-splitted granite, facing brick, glazed tile for coating the building. It gave classical Petersburg look. High-coloured stained-glass windows of plafond, the barrier of light-embrasure, adorned with the symbols of Buddism, and also high-coloured tile on the floor is also impact of modern style.
A low spire (that has the same function as the at the Orthodox Church) from guilded copper - Ganchzhirra (full of treasure, the Sanscrit language) looks like a vase. It was traditionnaly installed on the roof of the Gonkan. In 1939 Ganchzhirra was dismantled. The figures of “Victorious Stndard” were installed at the corners of the roofs. During the consecration they were filled-in with the sacred texts. The roof of the portico was adorned with guilded eight-radius “Weel of Studies” and two deers - symbols of the first Buddha’s sermon. Deer and doe symbolyze beings of both sexes, who is heeding to the Teaching “with clean heart of gentle deers”. Guilded disks and magic mirrors were installed in the frieze of the Temple in order to frighten the evil forces away.
The construction finished in 1913, and on the 21st of Febraury the first service, devoted to three hundred years Jubilee of Romanovs family was held. But the works dealing with the interior continued. A very famous wood-carver Rinchin Zankhatov, painter Budaev and the expert on the Tibet culture GilYk-Chamzo Tsybakov made a contribution to the Temple.
The ceremonial consecration was held on the 10th of August, 1915.
The Temple meant much for Buddism in Europe. The interest towards the valueables of Buddism increased much. Many people were entirely interested in contacts with live traditions of Gelugpa, which was represented by the lamas of Petrograd Temple.
In 1919 the first Buddist exhibition was held here. However, this year the Temple was plundered in a very barbarous way. Almost all valueables were stolen - guilded bronze, silver and copper statues, vases and cups, chinese brocade draperies, furs… The statue of Big Buddha was broken, because the robbers were looking for treasures. They also destroyed the library, and all the documents dealinf with relationships with England, China, Tibet and Russia, that were collected by Dorzhiev, dissapeared. But Dorzhiev showed remarkable will and intellect anв managed to begin restoration works, in spite of financial difficulties, caused by revolution.
In 1935, in Leningrad the persecution towards Buddism started. In Novenber, 1937 eighty-years old Dorzhiev was arrested. He died in January, at the prison in Ulan-Ude. After that The Buddist Temple was closed, and different state offices filled its building.
During the World War II a broadcasting station was located in the former Temple. Metal cable was used as the antenna - one end was hook